Saturated Fat studies

[LisaS]

Can anyone put me on the trail of studies that downplay/discount the role of SFA in disease? I know in PPLP, the Eades downplay the need for controlling or limiting animal-source SFA in the diet. On the other hand, other paleo-proponents like Cordain still make a case for limiting consumption of SFA. Cordain lists many references and when I do a search, I find many references that all demonize dietary SFA.

What I'd like is a jump start on some references that counter this dogma that SFA are evil - I'm just not finding them on my own. I think once I find a few I can chain off of them for more information. I'm looking for primary sources, not secondary sources or articles if possible - unless they are really well footnoted.

thanks for any help on this - just a few pointers in the right direction would be great.

[Mitra]

I'm afraid this is totally unprocessed, but these are the references from The Fat of The Land chapter of PPLP (complete with PubMed references, thanks to Larry). You may find something in there to get you started. I have another couple of possibilities I'll look at in the morning.

Chapter 3 "The Fat of the Land."

anon. (1996). "Total fat consumption is falling." USA Today August 8.
PMID: 9678777 (1998) "Influence of cellular incorporation of n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid on intracellular Ca2+ concentration and membrane potential in vascular smooth muscle cells." Asano M, Nakajima T, Hazama H, Iwasawa K, Tomaru T, Omata M, Soma M, Asakura Y, Mizutani M, Suzuki S, Yamashita K, Okuda Y. - Atherosclerosis. 1998 May;138(1):117-27.
Bandarra NM, B. I., Nunes ML, Empis JM, Christie WW (1997). "Seasonal changes in lipid composition of sardine." J of Food Science 61(1): 40-42.
PMID: 2833184 (1988). "Effects of altering dietary essential fatty acids on requirements for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind placebo controlled study." Belch JJ, Ansell D, Madhok R, O'Dowd A, Sturrock RD. - Ann Rheum Dis. 1988 Feb;47(2):96-104.
PMID: 9622276 (1998). "Free fatty acids modulate LDL receptor activity in BHK-21 cells." Bucci C, Seru R, Annella T, Vitelli R, Lattero D, Bifulco M, Mondola P, Santillo M. - Atherosclerosis. 1998 Apr;137(2):329-40.
PMID: 9290101 (1997). "Relationship between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid ratios and breast cancer." Capone SL, Bagga D, Glaspy JA. - Nutrition. 1997 Sep;13(9):822-4. No abstract available.
PMID: 8352456 (1993). "The hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in adult-onset diabetes without adverse glucose control." Connor WE, Prince MJ, Ullmann D, Riddle M, Hatcher L, Smith FE, Wilson D. - Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993 Jun 14;683:337-40.
PMID: 9507246 (1998) "Atherogenic potential of peanut oil-based monounsaturated fatty acids diets." Cordain L. - Lipids. 1998 Feb;33(2):229-30. No abstract available.
PMID: 10884708 (2000) "Modulation of immune function by dietary lectins in rheumatoid arthritis." Cordain L, Toohey L, Smith MJ, Hickey MS. - Br J Nutr. 2000 Mar;83(3):207-17. Review.
PMID: 9311962 (1997). "Dietary fish oil alters specific and inflammatory immune responses in chicks." Korver DR, Klasing KC. - J Nutr. 1997 Oct;127(10):2039-46.
Fallon, S., Conolly P, Enig MG (1996). "Why butter is good for you." Consumers' Research 79(3): 10-15.
PMID: 9216569 (1997). "From the Miocene to olestra: a historical perspective on fat consumption." Garn SM. - J Am Diet Assoc. 1997 Jul;97(7 Suppl):S54-7.
PMID: 1262445 (1976). "Induction of hypertriglyceridemia by a low-fat diet." Ginsberg H, Olefsky JM, Kimmerling G, Crapo P, Reaven GM. - J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1976 Apr;42(4):729-35.
PMID: 9635994 (1998). "Dietary fats and heart disease--dogma challenged?" Golomb BA. - J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Jun;51(6):461-4; discussion 465. Review. No abstract available.
PMID: 8473509 (1993). "Dietary fat increases high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels both by increasing the transport rates and decreasing the fractional catabolic rates of HDL cholesterol ester and apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I. Presentation of a new animal model and mechanistic studies in human Apo A-I transgenic and control mice." Hayek T, Ito Y, Azrolan N, Verdery RB, Aalto-Setala K, Walsh A, Breslow JL. - J Clin Invest. 1993 Apr;91(4):1665-71.
PMID: 9478042 (1998). "The slow discovery of the importance of omega 3 essential fatty acids in human health." Holman RT. - J Nutr. 1998 Feb;128(2 Suppl):427S-433S. Review.
PMID: 8350886 (1993). "Effect of dietary fish oil on renal function and rejection in cyclosporine-treated recipients of renal transplants." van der Heide JJ, Bilo HJ, Donker JM, Wilmink JM, Tegzess AM. - N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 9;329(11):769-73.
PMID: 9649598 (1998). "Plasma lipid response to hypolipidemic diets in young healthy non-obese men varies with body mass index." Jansen S, Lopez-Miranda J, Salas J, Castro P, Paniagua JA, Lopez-Segura F, Ordovas JM, Jimenez-Pereperez JA, Blanco A, Perez-Jimenez F. - J Nutr. 1998 Jul;128(7):1144-9.
Judd, J., Baer D, Clevidence B, Muesing R, Chen S, Westrate J, Meijer G, Wittes J, Lichtenstein A, Schaefer E (1997). "Effects of margarine versus butter on blood lipid profiles related to cardiovascular disease risk factors in normolipemic adults fed controlled diets." Tektran - Agricultural Research Service 12-18.
PMID: 7854160 (1995). "Inhibition of hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein secretion in obese Zucker rats adapted to a high-protein diet." Kalopissis AD, Griffaton G, Fau D. - Metabolism. 1995 Jan;44(1):19-29.
PMID: 9478046 (1998). "History of recommendations to the public about dietary fat." Kritchevsky D. - J Nutr. 1998 Feb;128(2 Suppl):449S-452S.
PMID: 9502334 (1998). "The role of reduced fat diets and fat substitutes in the regulation of energy and fat intake and body weight." Lawton CL, Blundell JE. - Curr Opin Lipidol. 1998 Feb;9(1):41-5. Review.
PMID: 8759367 (1996). "Dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids improve adipocyte insulin action and glucose metabolism in insulin-resistant rats: relation to membrane fatty acids." Luo J, Rizkalla SW, Boillot J, Alamowitch C, Chaib H, Bruzzo F, Desplanque N, Dalix AM, Durand G, Slama G. - J Nutr. 1996 Aug;126(8):1951-8.
Luostarinen R, W. R., Saldeen T (1997). "Dietary (n-3) fatty acids increase superoxide dismutase activity and decrease thromboxane production in the rat heart." Nutr Research 17(1): 163-75.
Mountford, C. P. (1960). Records of the American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land 2 Anthropology and Nutrition, Melbourne University Press, Parkville, N.2, Victoria.
Nelson G, S. P., Bartolini G, Kelley D, Schaefer E, Silbermann S, Phinney S, Kyle D (1998). "The effect of dietary arachidonic acid on plasma lipoprotein distributions, apoproteins, blood lipids levels, and tissue fatty acid composition in humans." Taktran - Agricultural Research Service (12-18).
PMID: 8480678 (1993). "Individual effects of dietary saturated fatty acids and fish oil on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in normal men." Nordoy A, Hatcher LF, Ullmann DL, Connor WE. - Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 May;57(5):634-9.
PMID: 9246358 (1997). "Dietary fatty acids--the N-6/N-3 balance and chronic elderly diseases. Excess linoleic acid and relative N-3 deficiency syndrome seen in Japan." Okuyama H, Kobayashi T, Watanabe S. - Prog Lipid Res. 1996 Dec;35(4):409-57. Review. No abstract available.
PMID: 9478040 (1998). "Evolution of ideas about the nutritional value of dietary fat: introduction." Olson RE. - J Nutr. 1998 Feb;128(2 Suppl):421S-422S. No abstract available.
PMID: 8338037 (1993). "Relationship of dietary saturated fatty acids and body habitus to serum insulin concentrations: the Normative Aging Study." Parker DR, Weiss ST, Troisi R, Cassano PA, Vokonas PS, Landsberg L. - Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 Aug;58(2):129-36.
PMID: 3113265 (1987). "Nut-like oil seeds: food for monkeys, chimpanzees, humans, and probably ape-men." Peters CR. - Am J Phys Anthropol. 1987 Jul;73(3):333-63. Review.
PMID: 3990714 (1985). "Reduction of plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apoproteins by dietary fish oils in patients with hypertriglyceridemia." Phillipson BE, Rothrock DW, Connor WE, Harris WS, Illingworth DR. - N Engl J Med. 1985 May 9;312(19):1210-6.
PMID: 9127704 (1997). "Do n-3 fatty acids improve glucose tolerance and lipemia in diabetics?" Prince MJ, Deeg MA. - Curr Opin Lipidol. 1997 Feb;8(1):7-11. Review.
PMID: 9635993 (1998). "The questionable role of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular disease." Ravnskov U. - J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Jun;51(6):443-60. Review.
Raz A, K.-B. N., Przedecki and O. M. F (J Nutr Biochem). "Fish oil inhibits 6 desaturase activity in vivo: utility in a dietary program." J Nutr Biochem 8(558-65).
PMID: 1418095 (1992). "Lipoprotein risk factors in vegetarian women of Indian descent are unrelated to dietary intake." Reddy S, Sanders TA. - Atherosclerosis. 1992 Aug;95(2-3):223-9.
PMID: 9440375 (1998). "Microalbuminuria is positively associated with usual dietary saturated fat intake and negatively associated with usual dietary protein intake in people with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." Riley MD, Dwyer T. - Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Jan;67(1):50-7.
PMID: 9394709 (1997). "Effects of dietary fatty acids on breast and prostate cancers: evidence from in vitro experiments and animal studies." Rose DP. - Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Dec;66(6 Suppl):1513S-1522S. Review.
Sears, B. (1993). "Essential fatty acids and dietary endocrinology: a hypothesis for cardiovascular treatment." J of Advancement in Medicine 6(4): 211-223.
PMID: 8598590 (1996). "The effect of low-fat diet on lipid levels." Siguel E, Lerman RH. - JAMA. 1996 Mar 13;275(10):759-60. No abstract available.
PMID: 8052156 (1994). "Altered fatty acid metabolism in patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease." Siguel EN, Lerman RH. - Metabolism. 1994 Aug;43(8):982-93.
PMID: 9622285 (1998). "One-year treatment with ethyl esters of n-3 fatty acids in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and glucose intolerance: reduced triglyceridemia, total cholesterol and increased HDL-C without glycemic alterations." Sirtori CR, Crepaldi G, Manzato E, Mancini M, Rivellese A, Paoletti R, Pazzucconi F, Pamparana F, Stragliotto E. - Atherosclerosis. 1998 Apr;137(2):419-27.
Smith, RL. (1989). "Dietary lipids and heart disease: The contriving of a relationship." in American Clinical Laboratory, November 1989, pp 26-33.
PMID: 9076407 (1997). "The effect of increased egg consumption on plasma cholesteryl ester transfer activity in healthy subjects." Sutherland WH, Ball MJ, Walker H. - Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997 Mar;51(3):172-6.
PMID: 7775859 (1995). "Effects of fish oil fatty acids on low density lipoprotein size, oxidizability, and uptake by macrophages.¹ Suzukawa M, Abbey M, Howe PR, Nestel PJ. - J Lipid Res. 1995 Mar;36(3):473-84.
PMID: 9023464 (1997). "Margarine intake and risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction in Italian women." Tavani A, Negri E, D'Avanzo B, La Vecchia C. - Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997 Jan;51(1):30-2.
vanPapendorp HD, l. C. H., Kruger MC (1995). "Biochemical profile of osteoporotic patients on essential fatty acid." Nutrition Research 15(3): 325-34.
PMID: 1328696 (1992). "Dietary fat and fiber in relation to risk of breast cancer. An 8-year follow-up." Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Manson JE, Spiegelman D, Rosner B, Hennekens CH, Speizer FE. - JAMA. 1992 Oct 21;268(15):2037-44.
PMID: 2172820 (1990). "Relation of meat, fat, and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in a prospective study among women." Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Speizer FE. - N Engl J Med. 1990 Dec 13;323(24):1664-72.
PMID: 7762523 (1995). "Effects of dietary fat on high-density-lipoprotein subclasses are influenced by both apolipoprotein E isoforms and low-density-lipoprotein subclass patterns." Williams PT, Dreon DM, Krauss RM. - Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Jun;61(6):1234-40.
PMID: 9826205 (1998). "Arterial compliance, blood pressure, plasma leptin, and plasma lipids in women are improved with weight reduction equally with a meat-based diet and a plant-based diet." Yamashita T, Sasahara T, Pomeroy SE, Collier G, Nestel PJ. - Metabolism. 1998 Nov;47(11):1308-14.

[LisaS]

please tell me you did that with a scanner :D
thanks -

[KarenPLewis]

Lisa,

You might like to look at the following site for research information. It's very interesting and looks at low carbing, and talks about saturated fats
http://www.nutritionandmetabolism.com
http://www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/content/3/1/7

I've spent a lot of time browsing it for research on diabetes and there's been some really fascinating stuff on there that you might like to follow up.

Bruce Fife's books 'Coconut Cures' and 'The Coconut Oil Miracle' also have details about saturated fats and a good number of references you can follow up. As do, of course, Uffe Ravnskov's 'The Cholesterol Myths' and Anthony Colpo's newly released book 'The Great Cholesterol Con' which has 76 pages of references, about 1400ish in total. :jawDrop: He really does seem to have done his homework! I'm only part way through it but it's jam-packed with information. Section 1 is headed 'Why saturated fat and cholesterol do not cause heart disease'. Section 2 is entitled 'What really causes heart disease?' with Section 3 being 'Preventing heart disease the drug free way'.

Don't know if this helps and fits what you are after, but I think it can certainly point you in the right direction.

Regards,

Karen

[mcsblues]

Lisa, like Karen (welcome Karen!) I suggest you get yourself a copy of Anthony's book which covers this subject really well. He not only gives a multitude of references but also examines in detail studies used by detractors in support of their arguments (such as Framingham) which actually don't help them at all!

As I have a pdf as well as a hard copy I could cut and paste even more references than Janet's PPLP ones .... but buy the book ;) you won't regret it.

[Gaelen]

please tell me you did that with a scanner :D
thanks -

Lisa, I can't speak for Mitra, but these references are an electronic file linked both here (I think in the 'Important Links and References' forum) and in the yahoo! group PPBBS...it has the potential to be a cut'n'paste, since the author has posted it in several places and linked it in several others.

[Mitra]

:lol: I downloaded a copy at some time or other, so I just did a cut and paste.

[mcsblues]

I could be wrong, but I don't think there is a link on this site.

Larry's labour can be found here http://ppwol.suddenlaunch3.com/index.cgi?board=resources

Perhaps someone should ask him if it is OK to copy the reference lists onto this forum?

I'd volunteer, but I doubt I am on his Xmas card list.:o

[Gaelen]

I could be wrong, but I don't think there is a link on this site.

Malcolm, there used to be a link to the unsegmented file LarryAJ maintains of the bibliography on his own website. It was in the 'Important Links and Resources' forum in the thread on Other Protein Power or Low Carb sites, blogs, etc. (http://www.proteinpower.com/forum/showthread.php?t=83) under "Protein-Power Specific." For awhile there were problems with the link, so I 'hid' it in the file, but it seems to be working again, so I made it active. Frankly, I forgot that I'd hidden it and just assumed it was still visible...

Links to other sites don't usually require the author/owner's permission, since they don't violate copyright. The small part of the file Mitra posted could well be considered 'fair use' under US copyright regs...but I'm sure we'll hear through the grapevine if there's an issue...

[mcsblues]

Yes. I wasn't suggesting Mitra had done anything wrong - but certainly a link (now restored ... but for how long?) or perhaps a more permanent solution would involve making the reference lists available for viewing/download here would be a good idea - the second suggestion giving rise to the idea of approaching Larry out of courtesy.

[ceberezin]

Mary Enig has written number of articles debunking the phobia about saturated fats. If you look her up on Google, you will see a bunch of very interesting articles.

[scott123]

Does anyone happen to have any newer saturated fat related studies?

Also, does anyone have any links to free, full text, especially compelling pro saturated fat studies?

I run into a lot of saturated fat naysayers in my travels. I'm sure you know who I'm talking about. It would be especially helpful if I could have a handful of great links up my sleeve as ammunition. It's not like I can say, "you're wrong, and here's the study to prove it- you just have to pay 30 bucks to read it." :)

Mary Enig's article is quite compelling and lays everything out quite nicely for the layperson, but I'm not a big fan of the Weston Price Foundation.

[lyn64]

I'm not a big fan of the Weston Price Foundation.

Why not?

One of the best up to date pro-sat fat reference is Anthony Colpo's book: 'The Great Cholesterol Con'. I can't give you a link, but if you Google Anthony Colpo, you'll get what you need. The book is more extensively referenced than most cardiovascular textbooks.

Btw. you could just cut to the chase and shut the naysayers up with: 'Association doesn't mean causation' ;) .

Or you could just point out that it would really be a bit odd if the energy storage material evolution had provided humans (not to mention just about every animal on the planet) with (ie. sat fat) was unhealthy.

lyn